Growing profits from sugar cultivation led to renewed interest in Brazil from the other colonial powers. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. In 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral (ca. Intermittent conflict continued until a lasting peace agreement was signed in 1661. During the 1600s, the Dutch emerged as the main rival to Portugal in the Americas. In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil. [12][13] colony, any nonself-governing territory subject to the jurisdiction of a usually distant country. João III ushered in the era of Portuguese colonization in Brazil in 1533 with the donatory captaincies. This event brought the Arabic language, which also left its mark on between 400 and 800 Portuguese words. Portuguese colonization, which received impetus from the development of greatly improved methods of navigation, began with the establishment of trading ports in Africa and the East, while the Spanish concentrated most of their efforts in the Americas. The captaincy colonies were reorganized as provincial districts to the Governorate. Though the enslavement of Indians was discouraged, it was only with the arrival of the Jesuits in 1549 that … The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Earth outside Europe into Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization. Even after Portugal was liberated from French forces, the monarchy remained in Rio. Instead, Lisbon devoted its attention and resources to its growing empire in Africa and Asia. Portugal attempted to establish colonies in Africa, but the defeat of a Portuguese army in Tangier, Morocco, in 1436 led the kingdom increasingly to concentrate on sea explorations in search of an alternate route to Asia that would bypass the Venetian-controlled trade routes in the Mediterranean. Vespucci suggested that the newly discovered lands (especially what is today South America/Brazil) were not the Indies but a "New World",[10] the Mundus novus, Latin title of a contemporary document based on Vespucci letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, which had become widely popular in Europe. [8][9], Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer in four Spanish and Portuguese exploratory voyages. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Rev. Sugar cane was a very profitable resource, but to grow it, it implied to have many workers, and these were the Native Americans. Pombal later fell out of favor and was dismissed in 1777. Ceuta was the first territory that would become a Portuguese colony after"its conquest"against a Muslim stronghold in 1415. The Portuguese settlers were unable to enslave natives on a scale sufficient to meet their requirements. [2][3] The possible voyage of 1473 and several other possible pre-Columbian expeditions to North America in the 15th century, mostly from the Azores in the case of the Portuguese (included in donation royal letters), remain matters of great controversy for scholars. Based on the terms defined in the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the area visited by the Genoese explorer John Cabot in 1497 and 1498 on behalf of the Crown of England. 6.4-6.5 Rhombi, Rectangles, Squares. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The island of Bombay is ceded to the Portuguese in 1534. The Portuguese subsequently established a number of colonies and trade factories along the coast of Africa, which proved highly profitable through the export of slaves and gold. In 1498 Vasco da Gama (ca. Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas
2. A large area of South America remained outside the Spanish empire. Nations established colonies as outposts to promote their interests in their expanding empires. [6] From the east coast, the fleet then turned eastward to resume the journey to the southern tip of Africa and India. Pombal eliminated certain concessions enjoyed by foreign merchants, especially the British. The British and Portuguese were allies during wars with Holland, and a series of treaties, signed in 1642, 1654, and 1661, granted the British commercial and trade concessions in the Portuguese colonies. Natives who converted to Christianity were resettled into Jesuit-controlled enclaves known as aldeias. Several epidemics had devastating impacts on the indigenous population, and by 1563 some one-third to one-half of the native population had been wiped out. Portugal is a small Western European country at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. In April 1500, the second Portuguese India Armada, headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral, with a crew of expert captains, including Bartolomeu Dias and Nicolau Coelho, encountered the Brazilian coast as it swung westward in the Atlantic while performing a large "volta do mar" to avoid becalming in the Gulf of Guinea. The expeditions became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to him, published between 1502 and 1504. He also reformed the economic codes that regulated the sugar and diamond trade and created chartered companies to oversee trade in northern Brazil and Portugal's fishing industry. Portugal colonized parts of South America (Brazil, Colónia do Sacramento, Uruguay, Guanare, Venezuela), but also made some unsuccessful attempts to colonize North America (Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia in Canada). Portuguese cooking is growing in popularity in the United States and many other countries. The term is also applied to a group of nationals wh…, THE CAUSE OF DECOLONIZATION Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Portuguese were among the first Europeans to establish colonies in the Americas. There were repeated Dutch incursions against the Brazilian colonies during the early 1600s. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808. ... Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas. At the turn of the 17th century, with the union with Castile, the Spanish kings favored the free movement of the people, and other lands of the New World, such as Peru and the Gulf of Mexico, were open to the Portuguese merchants. There were four reasons that Portuguese America remained a single country, while Spanish America split into many countries. Beginning in the 1400s, the Portuguese, led by explorers such as Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama and financed by the great Prince Henry the Navigator, sailed to, explored, and settled in … "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empire-americas-portuguese, "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambiq… It can be formed by Portugal. The Economy Spain controlled trade for New Spain, they forbade that they trade with other European nations and other Spanish colonies. Maxwell, Kenneth. They has signed the Mayflower compact before coming ashore. His tenure was marked by significant increases in revenues and a series of military efforts against the natives and French raiders. In 1726 Spain struck back by establishing Montevideo on territory that Portugal claimed. Portugal became the center of the British land effort to defeat Napoléon. The failure of the other donatarios led João to reassert royal control in the 1540s and to appoint a governor-general in 1549. On 21 April 1500, a mountain was seen that was named Monte Pascoal, and on 22 April, Cabral landed on the coast, in Porto Seguro. Afonso de Albuquerque’s dream was an infusion of Portuguese blood into each of the colonies. Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1000780348, Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery, All articles with broken links to citations, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 17:56. The Indians taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn and helped them survive in the new land. He also founded the colonial capital, Salvador. The disaster enhanced the powers of the prime minister, José de Carvalho e Melo (1699–1782), the marquis de Pombal, who became a hero through his management of the disaster relief. Chronology of the Portuguese Colonies, Portuguese forts and settlements, Portuguese colonies São Vicente, by its democratic municipal prerogatives (in the tradition of Portuguese municipalism since the Middle Ages) and by the general elections to its first Câmara (City Council) on August 22, 1532, is symbolically considered the birthplace of democracy in the Americas. Spanish monarchs To escape the advancing Fren… The captaincies were autonomous, and mostly private, colonies of the Portuguese Empire, each owned and run by a Captain-major. But when the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the world between Portugal and Spain along a north-south line 1,770 kilometers (1,100 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, Portugal unwittingly acquired the land that was to become known as Brazil. By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese. In 1807 the French ruler Napoléon Bonaparte (1769–1821) invaded Portugal through Spain. Meanwhile, Portuguese maritime explorations continued, and in 1487 Bartholomeu Dias (ca. ed., London: Papermac, 1995. 13 terms. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. In 1751, the State of Maranhão was restructured into the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, with a new capital and government. A year later, Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512) further explored the coast of modern Brazil in a series of expeditions sponsored by Portugal. In 1755 a severe earthquake in Lisbon led to a period of benign neglect of the colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) fixed the borders of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas but did not completely end colonial conflict between the two powers: In 1776 the Spanish sent a large army to stem Portuguese incursions into its territory in the River Plate region. I. What were the social, economic, and political characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese rule in Latin America? [16], Portuguese merchants have been trading in the West Indies. The Portuguese-speaking African countries (Portuguese: Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa; PALOP), also known as Lusophone Africa, consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In 1820 a military rebellion in Portugal forced the return of the king and court while republican revolts spread across Brazil. After succeeding in finding a maritime route to the East, Portugal left Spain to concentrate on the Americas, opened up by Christopher Columbus's (1451–1506) voyages in 1492. The discovery also prompted a new wave of settlement by Portuguese and other European adventurers and put new pressures on the native population. Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians. New Laws of the Indies. Alden, Dauril, ed. The boundaries of Colonialism, like those of many literary eras, are difficult to draw. However, the donatory system displaced tribes, and the rise of sugarcane plantations led to efforts to enslave native peoples. The British and Portuguese were allies during wars with Holland, and a series of treaties, signed in 1642, 1654, and 1661, granted the British commercial and trade concessions in the Portuguese colonies. The capital of the new governorate established its capital at São Salvador and the first Jesuits arrived the same year. In 1555 the French established a significant colony in Guanabara Bay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1954. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963. This formable was suggested by Finglestar. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He subsequently established a new imperial government with himself as Emperor Pedro I. see also African Slavery in the Americas; Brazilian Independence; Henry the Navigator, Prince; Mining, the Americas; Sugar Cultivation and Trade. A range of factors made the Portuguese Empire in the Americas unique, and these have had long-lasting implications and ramifications. There were long-running colonial conflicts between Portugal and Spain, which were exacerbated by political struggles in Europe. Despite their dictator’s hard stance, independence movements arose in Angola, Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique whi… GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION Rotterdam, Netherlands: Rotterdam University Press, 1970. EUROPEAN EFFORTS TO REINVENT OVERSEA…, Sources The Portuguese had started importing African slaves into Europe in 1441 and into the Spanish colonies in 1510, so that by the time of the sugar boom in Brazil, the trade had matured and was regulated through private contracts. competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. On the other hand, some historians have suggested that the Portuguese may have encountered the South American bulge earlier while sailing the "volta do mar" (in the Southwest Atlantic), hence the insistence of King John II in moving the line west of the line agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. The gold rush further accelerated the slave trade as new slaves were imported to work in the mines. The Portuguese and Spanish became great colonizing nations at the end of the Middle Ages. To escape the advancing French forces, the regent, Dom João (1769–1826), the son of the mentally unbalanced Queen Maria I (1734–1816), and his court fled to Brazil (the escape was aided by the British, who ultimately moved some fifteen thousand Portuguese to Brazil and lent the government $3 million to keep it solvent). ." Permanent habitation in Brazil did not begin until São Vicente was founded in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa, although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye. The independence of Latin America After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Strategic reasons also added impetus to the decision, including imperial competition in the region from France (a Portuguese expedition in 1503 discovered French incursions into Brazilian territory). America. He enacted a range of reforms designed to enhance Portugal's wealth and power, known collectively as the Pombaline reforms. Through their efforts, the crown created two classes of Native Americans. Some historians have attributed this voyage to Coelho and Vespucci years before, but a good part of historians and researchers, through the sparse and comparative documentation, identify the captains and the experienced pilot of the India run ("the best Pilot of Portugal" and a "best friend" of the Fugger's Agent), with Diogo Ribeiro, Estevão Frois and the pilot João de Lisboa. Known as France Antarctique, the colony was destroyed in 1567 by Mem de Sá (d. 1572), Brazil's third governor-general, who founded Rio de Janeiro on the site of the former French settlement. In 1570 there were about 3,000 slaves in Brazil, about 15,000 by 1600, and by 1650 more than 200,000. [18], Portuguese colonization in South America and attempts in North America, Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (in ancient german and portuguese), Former colonies and territories in Canada, "Uruguay Facts — Exploring Uruguay, Expat & Travel Resource Guide". POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS Encyclopedia.com. 1450–1500) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. Sugar cultivation required significant numbers of laborers, and the need for labor accelerated the slave trade to the Americas. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th centu… The captaincies continued to be ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Governor-General of Brazil. Many former Portuguese colonies have today, been subsumed into modern day countries, with some areas having had their borders and maps redrawn a number of times throughout the last three or four centuries. Portuguese took to the sea and eventually formed colonies as far away as Macao in China. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages. Apr 14, 2014 - In 1620, the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Massachusetts. Anywhere on the coasts of Asia, America and Africa you can find a fort, a church, a geographical name or a family name, reminiscent of Portugal. The exact date that the Azores were discovered is hotly contested, some say they were discovered as early as 1147, they were officially discovered in fourteenth century by Goncalo Velho Cabral. most valuable resources shipped from Spanish America to Spain. ." Only two of the captaincies were economically successful, but these became enormously wealthy through sugar cultivation, and Brazil became the world's largest producer of sugar by the 1570s. Sideri, Sandro. The new system was implemented so that Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Portuguese Empire. Portuguese is a Latin-based (or Romance) language that developed in the Iberian Peninsula. The captaincies had control over trade and taxes in their jurisdictions, except for royal monopolies. De Sousa founded two towns, São Vicente and São Paulo. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . Kieman, Mathias C. The Indian Policy of Portugal in the Amazon Region, 1614–1693. Each grant extended about 241 kilometers (150 miles) in length and reached into the unknown interior. In 1453 Portugal suffered an economic delay because the Islamists closed the way both by sea and land, which prevented the maintenance of commercial activities until finding a new route. [2] Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502, the Corte-Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and what is today the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire. Accompanying de Sousa was a company of Jesuits who endeavored to convert the natives. [11], Around 1508 or 1511–1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina, and went as far south as the present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42°S (recorded in the Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt meaning "New Tidings from the Land of Brazil"). OF DECOLONIZATION This seems controversial, since he changed part of his description in the subsequent letter (stating that around 32° S, they made a shift to open sea, to south-southeast), maintaining, however, that they reached a similar 50° S latitude. In 1815, following the death of Maria I and the installation of João as King João VI, Brazil was elevated to the status of a kingdom with a dual monarchy. Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment. In addition, the Portuguese Empire was the only major imperial power that transferred its monarchy to the colonies. After Columbus showed that you could get somewhere by sailing across the Atlantic (1492-1493) and Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope all the way to India (1497-1498), it was clear that European sailing technology was ready to go anywhere in the world. Believing the land to be an island, he named it Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross). In Latin America, Brazil is a former colony of Portugal, and has Portuguese as its official language. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. They sought religious freedom instead of commercial profit. 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